Credit Appraisal Process

List of Chapters 1. Presentation * Reason for choosing the undertaking * Scheme of the venture * Research Methodology * Limitation of the examination 2. CREDIT POLICY OF COMMERCIAL BANK * Commercial banks and its destinations * Recent strategy improvements in regards to bank credit * Changing period of bank credit * Trends of bank credit in India * Procedure for giving bank credit * Credit Appraisal 3. THE PROFILE OF THE ORGANIZATION OF PNB * Indian financial division and its significant difficulties * Punjab National Bank initially * Mission and Vision * Organizational structure of PNB 4. Acknowledge PHILOSOPHY and POLICY For REGARDS TO PNB Credit theory * Credit strategy * Introduction to advances * Classification of advances * Building up of a proposition * Requirements according to constitution of borrower * Financial Appraisal 5. Investigation AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA * Credit Appraisal methods * Process of credit examination for giving money credit * Appraisal procedures for retail advances 6. End * Conclusion * BIBLIOGRAPHY Introduction The most recent year budgetary emergencies have become the primary driver for downturn which was begun in 2006 from US and was spread over the world. The world economy has been significantly influenced from the crisis.The protections in stock trade have tumbled down radically which has become the underlying driver of chapter 11 of numerous budgetary foundations and people. The underlying driver of the monetary and budgetary emergency is credit default of enormous organizations and people which has severely affected the world economy. So in the current situation investigating one’s credit value has gotten significant for any money related foundation before giving any type of credit office with the goal that such circumstance doesn’t emerge in not so distant future once more. Examination of the credit value of the borrowers is known as Credit Appraisal.In request to comprehend the credit evaluation framework followed by the banks this undertaking has been directed. The undertaking has dissected the acknowledge evaluation system for exceptional reference to Punjab National Bank which incorporates thinking about the distinctive credit offices gave by the banks to its clients, how an advance proposition is being made, what are the customs that will be fulfilled and in particular thinking about the different credit examination strategies which are diverse for each sort of credit office. Before going further it is important to comprehend the need and fundamental system of the project.Therefore this section gives a prologue to the point, target of the undertaking, purposes behind choosing the task and the essential structure and structure how the venture continues. So as to comprehend the significance of the point chosen a prologue to the review of the business bank , its capacities, and present patterns and development in bank credit are required and it is canvassed in this section. Explana tions behind choosing the undertaking Whenever an individual or an organization utilizes a credit that implies they are acquiring cash that they guarantee to reimburse with in a pre-chosen period.In request to survey the reimbursing ability I. e. to assess their credit value banks utilize different procedures that vary with the various kinds of credit offices gave by the bank. In the current situation where it is seen that huge organizations and budgetary establishments have been bankrupted due to credit default so Credit Appraisal has become a significant perspective in the financial segment and is increasing prime significance. It is the episode of credit defaults that has offered ascend to the monetary emergency of 2008-09.But in India the credit default is nearly less that different nations, for example, US. One reason prompting this might be acceptable evaluation methods utilized by banks and money related organizations in India. In the end the significance of this undertaking is for the most part to comprehend the credit examination strategies utilized by the manages an account with uncommon reference to Punjab National Bank. Plan of the undertaking It covers the goal and structure of the task which is talked about as follows:- Objective of the venture The general goal of this task is to under stand the current credit evaluation framework utilized in banks.The Credit Appraisal framework has been examined according to the diverse credit offices gave by the bank. The definite clarification about the procedures and procedure has been examined in detail in the further sections. Structure or Plan of the task The undertaking as a matter of first importance makes an investigation about the business banks-its significant capacities. At that point it features on the idea of Bank Credit and its ongoing patterns. The venture at that point continues towards the loaning strategy of banks and here it features about credit evaluation being the initial phase in working up of an advance proposal.Then it examines the bank acknowledge strategy for regard to Punjab National bank where the task was attempted. The task at that point continues with the survey of writing I. e. audit of some past work in regards to credit examination by different scientists. The venture at that point moves towards research philosophy where it covers the data with respect to the kind of information gathered and the hypothetical ideas utilized in the undertaking are examined in detail. At that point the task continues with the following section comprising of the investigation part which covers the examination of different strategies utilized by the banks with the end goal of credit appraisal.Then the venture moves to its next part I. e. discoveries where a few outcomes discovered are deciphered and afterward proceeding onward to the last and the last part I. e. the proposals and ends where a few stages are recommended to be actualized to build the work proficiency and to dec rease to work pressure Commercial banks and its goals A business bank is a kind of budgetary mediator that gives financial records, investment accounts, and currency advertise accounts and that acknowledges time deposits.Some utilize the term â€Å"commercial bank† to allude to a bank or a division of a bank basically managing stores and advances from companies or enormous organizations. This is the thing that individuals regularly call a â€Å"bank†. The term â€Å"commercial† was utilized to recognize it from a speculation bank. Business banks are the most established, greatest and quickest developing monetary delegates in India. They are additionally the most significant safes of open investment funds and the most significant disbursers of account. Business banking in India is a one of a kind financial framework, the like of which exists no place in the world.The truth of this announcement turns out to be clear as one examinations the way of thinking and appr oaches that have added to the advancement of banking strategy, projects and tasks in India. The financial framework in India works under requirements that go with social control and open proprietorship. The open responsibility for has been accomplished in three phases: 1995, july 1969 and April, 1980. The open part banks as well as the private division and outside banks are required to meet the objectives in regard of sectoral sending of credit, local appropriation of branches, and territorial credit store ratios.The activities of banks have been controlled by lead bank conspire, Differential Rate of premium plan, Credit approval plot, stock standards and loaning frameworks endorsed by the specialists, the detailing of credit plans, and administration zone approach. Business Banks in India have an exceptional job in India. The advantaged job of the banks is the consequence of their interesting highlights. The liabilities of Bank are cash and along these lines they are significant pi ece of the installment instrument of any country.For a money related framework to assemble and designate reserve funds of the nation effectively and gainfully and to encourage everyday exchanges there must be a class of monetary organizations that the open perspectives are as sheltered and advantageous outlets for its investment funds. The structure and working of the financial framework are essential to a country’s money related steadiness and monetary development. It has been properly asserted that the enhancement and improvement of Indian Economy are in no little measure because of the dynamic job banks have played financing monetary exercises of various sectors.Major goals of business banks Bank Credit The getting limit gave to a person by the financial framework, as credit or an advance is known as a bank credit. The all out bank credit the individual has is the aggregate of the getting limit every loan specialist bank gives to the person. The working ideal models of the financial business as a rule and credit agreement specifically have experienced a significant change. * Lending rates have fallen forcefully. * Traditional development and winning, for example, corporate credit has been either moderate or not productive as in the past. Banks moving into retail fund, financing cost on the once alluring retail credits additionally began descending. * Credit dangers has went up and new sorts dangers are surfaced Types of credit-Bank in India give essentially transient credit to financing working capital needs despite the fact that, as will be seen consequently, their term advances have expanded throughout the years. The different kinds of advances give by them are: (a) Term Loans, (b) money credit, (c) overdrafts, (d) request Loans , (e) buy and limiting of business bills, and, (f) portion or recruit buy credit. Volume of Credit-Commercial banks are a significant wellspring of fund to industry and trade. Remarkable bank credit has continued expanding from Rs 727 crore in 1951 to Rs 19,124 crore in 1978, to Rs 69,713 crore in 1986, Rs 1,01,453 crore in 1989-90 , Rs 2,82,702 crore in 1997 and to Rs 6,09,053 crore in 2002. Banks have presented numerous imaginative plans for the dispensing of credit. Among such plans are town reception, farming advancement branches and value support for little units. As of late, the vast majority of the banks have presented alluring instruction advance plans for seeking after investigations at home or abroad.They have I

Citizens Police Academy Example

Residents Police Academy Example Residents' Police Academy †Coursework Example Resident police institute Citizen’s police foundation is a program that is structured intentionally to sharpen people who are not cops with the exercises of the police. The motivation behind the Citizen’s police institute program isn't to prepare people for a police present or on take a shot at a move as a cop, yet to make attention to the general public on who and what it is to be a cop, their jobs and locales. Resident police foundation isn't a law authorization office, yet is a program that allows the regular folks and residents to get familiar with the law requirement process at a non †compromising circumstance (Sherman 1980.The program works in many conditions of America, including Chesapeake, Virginia. In Chesapeake, the program is known as Chesapeake citizen’s police foundation (CCPA). Chesapeake residents matured more than 18 years are qualified to preparing that takes 14 weeks. The program is very fundamental since it shows the residents different p olice aspects, including utilization of power, wrongdoing examination, wrongdoing examination, sedate examination, guns examination and life behind the bars. During and after the preparation, singular volunteerism in the police unit or offices is encouraged.According to American Police Academy (1970), the program impacts much on the police office. This preparation supports reliability and perception of the law. Through the preparation, residents become faithful to the law and the police unit. The jobs of the police are plainly uncovered to the general public, with the methods they should take to deal with a wrongdoing case. This illuminates the residents to bring an alert up if there should be an occurrence of any abuse or disappointment of duty in the police division. Through this program, the privileges of the residents and the wards of the police division are plainly watched. ReferenceSherman, L.W. (1980). The Police and the Violence. Philadelphia: American Academy of Political a nd Social Science.American Police Academy. (1970). Institute preparing bulleting. Washington, D.C; American Police Academy.

What is Weight Stigma

What is Weight Stigma Eating Disorders Awareness and Prevention Print What is Weight Stigma? By Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS facebook twitter linkedin Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, is a certified eating disorders expert and clinical psychologist who provides cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 05, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on April 01, 2018 Christopher Futcher/Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Awareness and Prevention Symptoms Treatment Diagnosis Weight stigma  or  bias  generally refers to negative attitudes toward a person because they are overweight or obese. The assumption that larger individuals are lazy or lacking in willpower is pervasive in our society, and weight bias is observed in children as young as 3â€"that’s right,  3 years old. Larger individuals face discrimination in a plethora of domains. Stigma towards individuals of size harms people of all sizes. Weight stigma is a common form of discrimination in our society. Notice how it is rarely challenged?  The word “fat” has morphed from a simple description into a foul word. And research shows that weight discrimination is increasing. The war on obesity, which sometimes seems intended to scare and shame people into dieting, is partly to blame. The diet industry, which falsely suggests that one can choose one’s weight on the scale, also contributes. In fact, diets rarely work in the long-term. Weight is largely determined by genetic and additional factors that are outside of an individual’s control. Other factors contributing to weight stigma include our culture’s focus on the thin ideal and media portrayals of overweight individuals as objects of ridicule. In print media, larger weight individuals are often depicted eating junk food and with heads cut off, which reinforces the stereotype and dehumanizes them. Examples of Weight Stigma Research shows that larger individuals face discrimination in the workplace, barriers in education, and negative attitudes from healthcare professionals.  Below are some examples of weight stigma: Geoffrey Miller, a tenured psychology professor at the University of New Mexico and a visiting professor at New York University, sent out a fat-shaming tweet: Dear obese Ph.D. applicants: if you didn’t have the willpower to stop eating carbs, you won’t have the willpower to do a dissertation #truth.Project Harpoon appeared on Facebook with photos of larger bodied models and celebrities contrasted with photo-shopped images of them to show how they would appear slimmer.Young children commonly encounter weight-related teasing and bullying.  For example, one young child reported being called “fatty-pants” and “big, fat, elephant girl” in preschool.  Increasingly smaller airline seats do not accommodate larger passengers and airlines may require larger passengers to purchase an additional seat.  Television shows popular amongst children contain up to 14 instances of fat shaming per episode.  Usually, no one stands up to the shamer, and the teasing is often followed by laughter .Larger-bodied patients who go to see a medical doctor are commonly told that all of their symptoms are a result of being overweight; so their complaints are not fully investigated.   Shaming is not effective at getting individuals to lose weight.  In fact, it is dangerous. Research shows that weight stigma contributes to binge eating and weight gain, both of which can be harmful physically and emotionally. Weight stigma is also a contributor to shame and fuel for eating disorders.   Individuals who live in larger bodies regularly experience weight stigma.  Activities as basic as exercising, eating a meal, and shopping may all evoke teasing and/or the feeling that one’s body is not acceptable and thereby increasing feelings of shame and anxiety. Individuals in smaller bodies are affected by weight stigma, too.  Fear of being fat can drive some of the behaviors that cause eating disorders and make recovery more difficult.   To learn more about weight stigma and to help fight against it, follow along on Weight Stigma Awareness Week, run by the Binge Eating Disorder Association (BEDA).  The week will include webinars, tweet chats, and thought-provoking articles.   The UConn Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity is a multi-disciplinary policy research center  and a leader in research and policy on weight stigma.  They have numerous resources, including Guidelines for Media Portrayals of Individuals Affected by Obesity and Toolkits for Healthcare Providers for Preventing Weight Bias.

The s Scales Of Justice Defense Counsel And The English...

Review of J.M. Beattie’s â€Å"Scales of Justice: Defense Counsel and the English Criminal Trial in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries† Beattie, J.M. â€Å"Scales of Justice: Defense Counsel and the English Criminal Trial in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. † Law and History Review 9, no.2 (1991): 221-267. Article Summary J.M Beattie, in â€Å"Scales of Justice: Defense Counsel and the English Criminal Trial in the Eighteenth and Nineteen Centuries,† investigates the transformations in English criminal law the 1730s and 1836. In his work, Beattie argues that the gradual introduction of defence counsel in criminal trials beginning in the 1730s transformed English criminal legal proceedings by highlighting the defendant’s right to advocacy. Furthermore, Beattie contends that the increase in defence counsel in this same period contributed to, as well as reflected the larger social shift towards recognising inherent defendant legal rights. The one hundred year period of study ends in 1836 with the passing of the Prisoner’s Counsel Act - guaranteeing the right of felony defendants to be represented by counsel in English court rooms. The article begins by investigating the rise in defence counsel in English criminal trials. Prior to the 18th century, English criminal tri als were short, and centred on the defendant’s â€Å"natural response to evidence as they heard it for the first time† (223). In an era of discretionary justice being administered by judges and juries, defenceShow MoreRelatedIs Justice Really Blind?1326 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 101 Mr. Young 13 October 2012 Is Justice Really Blind? The United States of America bases its whole judicial system around â€Å"blind justice† but is justice always blind? Since day one, justice has been portrayed as impartial. 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Pride And Prejudice By Jane Austen - 1554 Words

The book, Pride and Prejudice, was authored by Jane Austen addressing manners of the social set up of her contemporary times in 1813. The story is centered on the life of Elizabeth Bennet (female protagonist of the book), one of five daughters and a second born to Mr. Bennet, who the author uses to explore matters of morality, upbringing, manners, and also marriage. The viewership of the story and portrayal of other characters is given through her experiences in the book. The story revolves around the subject of love between Fitzwilliam Darcy, the male protagonist in the book, and Elizabeth Bennet. The first impression on Elizabeth shows that she is a smart, jovial and attractive person who can be choosy and has a habit of resorting to†¦show more content†¦Elizabeth Bennet is brought up by middle-class parents, Mr. and Mrs. Bennet, in gentry land. Mrs. Bennet is portrayed as an arrogant and impulsive woman who cannot think beyond her emotional perception of a situation, even t or social interaction. Mr Bennet is shown to be smart and full of wit directed to his wife. He is also shown to tolerate the wife’s impulsiveness. â€Å"There is a stubbornness about me that never can bear to be frightened at the will of others. My courage always rises at every attempt to intimidate me (Austen 306).† By use of the phrase, â€Å"†¦stubbornness†¦that never can bear to be frightened†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , Elizabeth is depicted as confident, and together with her sister Jane, they had always taken to the father’s sense of morality and therefore aspired to assist their sisters – Catherine who had low self-esteem and was always impatient to the point of irritation and Lydia who was stubborn, self-centered and careless – in a bid to inspire their maturity. This was, however, challenging, given their mothers’ support and influence on the sisters. The situation would late turn from a sibling concern to major issue when Lydia elo ped with Wickham. Wickham had previously deceived Elizabeth on the subject of Darcy. However, in a letter to Elizabeth, Darcy dispelled those lies, a move which allowed Elizabeth to see Wickham for who he was. She subsequently

Singlehood, Hanging Out, Hooking Up, and Cohabitation Free Essays

This chapter focuses on the aspects of singlehood and the â€Å"benefits† of it as well as the downs. The Primary advantages of singlehood are the freedom that is possessed and the control over their own life. Some of the social movements which promoted singlehood are: – The sexual revolution movement: involved openness about sexuality and permitted intercourse outside marriage. We will write a custom essay sample on Singlehood, Hanging Out, Hooking Up, and Cohabitation or any similar topic only for you Order Now – The women’s movement: Emphasized equality in education, employment and income for women. – The gay liberation movement: Provided support for a lifestyle consistent with one’s sexual orientation. There are different types of singles in the US there is the Never married singles, Divorced singles, Widowed singles. Being single has some costs; individuals who are single are more likely to contract deceases or STIs. Women are also more likely to contract STIs from men, than men are from women. There are many ways to finding a partner such as, hanging out which is getting together, in groups, it might often be referred as â€Å"Testing the waters. † Another way is hooking up, in other words, casual sex, which has no emotion behind it and no plans of seeing each other again. There is also other ways to find a partner such as using the Internet or video chatting. One way that can also be helpful is speed dating which consists of having multiple dates at once in a couple of minutes. This procedure can be helpful because both women and men can meet and socialize multiple people in a certain amount of time instead of taking the whole evening just for one date. Dating after divorce could be a little challenging and cal also have a few problems; the way they date could be completely different than when they first did. They tend to use the Internet for new partners, there are fewer potential partners, and there is a higher change of them contracting STIs. There are different types of marriages around the globe for example the Chinese have this so called â€Å"Blind Marriages† where none the bride or broom groom aren’t allowed to see each other until the actual wedding. Cohabitation is living together before marriage. There is also different name for it such as, Duration of the relationship, Frequency of Overnight Visits, Emotional or Sexual Nature of the Relationship and Sex of the Partners. As well as there are different names of cohabitation there are also different types of it. – Here and now- Money Savers- Rebellious Cohabitates – Testers- Pension Partners- Marriage Never – Engaged- Security Blanket Cohabitates Cohabitating has its pros and cons some of the advantages of it are: Sense of well-being, Delayed marriage, Knowledge about self and partner, and Safety. The disadvantages are: Feeling used or tricked, Problems with parents, Economic disadvantages, Effects on children, and other issues. Common law marriage is when couples that wanted to be married did not have easy or convenient access to legal authorities. My personal Response I believe that everything that was presented in this chapter has very informative features and some or most people could relate to. Personally I don’t have a lot of experience in this field because I’m not at the level where I feel like I’m ready to move out and cohabitate. I know for a fact that some day it’ll happen and I might acquire some features that might not be so suitable, but by reading this chapter I have a broader understanding of what it takes, and the benefits that cohabitating brings and the disadvantages as well. I think that the ways of finding a partner are pretty interesting because even thought I’m not trying to look for a partner yet, it could relate to a whole lot of people like myself. Hanging out is a pretty common thing to do and everybody does it, for the sake of finding someone, to have that feeling that your not alone or just self-satisfaction. There are the times where casual sex is â€Å"available†, for the lack of a better word, and often times cannot be given up, I guess its overwhelming? Something that also called my attention was speed dating. I think that speed dating could be a fun and sociable event that might even change lives for the better of the worse. One more advantage that I would add to cohabitation, besides the book ones, would be that you can always count on that person that you choose to be there for you through the good and the bad, someone that you can talk to and ignore the physical attraction at times and exchange thoughtful words that could make the cohabitating experience better. How to cite Singlehood, Hanging Out, Hooking Up, and Cohabitation, Essay examples

Spirituality In the Workplace free essay sample

Discusses the article The Ethics of Shrewdness and how it helps Christians remain true to their faith in the workplace. This paper explains how spirituality in the workplace has become an important topic since the 1990?s. The paper uses the article, The Ethics of Shrewdness, to help show how Christians can remain true to their faith while maintaining relationships with others that do not share that faith so that they may be successful in business together. Christians in the workplace face many rash and fastidious decisions. In the workplace, a manager may argue against dishonorable acts because they may ruin the companys reputation, but he may not imply that those acts are wrong in the eyes of God. During competition and pressure to succeed in business, he or she is enticed to be ?shrewd.? A beneficial quality in decision-making is shrewdness. ?The Concise Oxford Dictionary defines the word shrewd to mean ?sagacious, sensible, discriminating, astute, judicious. We will write a custom essay sample on Spirituality In the Workplace or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (McLoughlin 5) However, cutting corners or cheating to achieve success, as well as bribery are considered to be shrewd business. In order to remain successful in business endeavors, one must be shrewd in these pacifications. In undertaking decisions, absolute ethics would prohibit this fashion of shrewdness. Therefore, a Christians coherence to an absolute measurement of virtue is viewed as business suicide as well as religious fanaticism.? In order to coexist with a value system that is opposite of their beliefs, a Christian in the workplace can relate to other business people by simply being shrewd.

Nature v/s Nurture in Human behaviour development

People behave differently when exposed to similar circumstances; behaviour is an element of genetic factors, attitude, social norms and perceived behavioural conduct that stimulates a response to a certain action or situation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nature v/s Nurture in Human behaviour development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Psychologists have continued debate whether behaviour is a function of nature or nurture. Genetics predispositions  endow human beings with inborn abilities and traits, whereas socialisation process shapes the inborn abilities and traits (Wendy,1999). This paper looks into how genetic predispositions  (nature) and environment (nurture) factors shapes human behaviour. Human behaviour development Debates on whether human behaviour is affected by nurture or nature started getting attention in the 13th century when some psychologists supported genetic predispositions  (nature theory of human behaviour) whereas others were of the opinion that the determinant of human behaviour is the socialization that a person has undergone through (empiricism theory of human behaviour). Recent research and developments in psychology has found that both nature and nurture have a role to play in human behaviour development. Biological processes (nature) A child is a product of its mother and father; physical attributes that the parents had are more likely to be seen in the child. The child may look like the mother or the father and sometimes a relative. The child has these genetic attributes; they are hereditary. When it comes to someone’s behaviour, intelligence, attitude and character, the effect of hereditary aspects is minimal although it has a part to play. Genetics endows human beings with inborn abilities and traits, they are different in different people; these inborn traits can be traced down a certain family despite the socialisation process its people h ave undergone. For example, some families are highly tempered while others prefer a peaceful process of solving issues (Vadackumchery Kattakayam, 2000). Scientists are of the opinion that abstract characters like intelligence, personality, and sexual orientation can be traced in someone’s deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) analysis. A persons DNA is a factor of biological genetics. Studies done on identical twins have shown that they are different in their own way; however, there are some behaviour traits similar to them whether they have been raised under the same condition or different circumstances.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Their reasoning, attitude and sexual orientation have a great deal of similarities. These similarities are proving that they have some genetic attributes deeply instilled in their behaviour. Genetic theory of schizophrenia supports that children born by depressed or stress families are more likely to be stressed later in life whether they have been brought up in the family or not. For example, the world’s concordance rate stands at 1%, however the rate is more in MZ twins than in DZ twins where the rates are 50% and 17% respectively. Research on gender attributes of human being has shown that the identity of whether one is a man or a woman is developed at birth. Some attributes cannot be shaped by socialisation factors for example the differences at adolescent and the effect it has on male and female behaviour. In the support of genetic theory of gender identity, a research was done on Reimer twins, the twins were born male with XY sex chromosomes. After an accident surgery, one of the children was raised as a girl. At later stages in life before and after adolescence, the child refused to be socialized as a girl and developed male socialisation. This supported existence of male genetics that had been developed in the child at birth. Some drawbacks of the theory of nature are that when adopted, it can be used to reinforce and justify indiscipline in the community like criminal acts  or justify  divorce. People may believe that people doing such criminal acts are doing it beyond their control since the genetic powers in them have the control over their behaviour. The concepts of â€Å"born a criminal†, or â€Å"born holy†, may be used to define someone’s character. Of late, there is a heated debate whether gays and lesbianism should be accepted in the society; some supporters are using the theory of nature to support the behaviour (Shaffer    Kipp, 2009). Nurture and human behavior According to empiricism theory of human behaviour, human behaviour is shaped by socialisation that a person has undergone. The choice of one’s actions, attitudes, perception and personality are shaped by the socialisation that starts before a child’s birth and is unending.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nature v/s Nurture in Human behaviour development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At birth, a child is seen as innocent; mentors, peers and the environment around him or her shape the character and attitude he or she develops. Supporters of the theory do not discount that hereditary factors affect human behaviour but are of the opinion that they do not matter. Their influence is only that a person has to be born with some attributes that are reshaped and changed by the environment they are brought up. They are of the opinion that environmental factors are responsible of human behaviour. No man was born a criminal but the criminality in him or her was developed through the process of socialisation. The theory is of the opinion that the learnt behaviour can be changed or moulded by use of appropriate reward/punishment reinforcing mechanism. People learn through observation and imitation of ro le models and the learnt traits are reinforced through the process called vicarious reinforcement. For example, a child may observe an adult being generous, and then the adult gets respect and praise from his peers. A child observing such behaviour may decide to imitate and as a result moulds its behaviour to develop a generous personality trait. B. F. Skinner’s early experiments theory of operant conditioning supports the nurture theory of human behaviour. He demonstrated that human behaviour is moulded through stimulus. In the theory of operant conditioning, certain behaviour exists in the society if the consequences of such behaviour are known. Some people have the potential of being thieves, but when they consider the consequences that they will have when they steal, they opt to change their behaviour. On the other hand, the theory goes in line with Sigmund Freud theory X of motivation, where they observe that human beings are lazy generally but they work in recognition o f the benefits of hard work. Hard work as a human behaviour is developed from the benefits that human beings expect from the virtue but nobody was born a hard worker (Garcà ­a, Elaine,   Richard, 2004). The sense of humour is thought to be a learnt behaviour that is influenced and shaped by the culture and environment that human beings are exposed. This explains why humour in certain area is not as humorous in another area. The theory is supported by differences that exist in identical twins, it argues that if the socialisation process has no effect on human behaviour, then identical twins should be exactly the same whether raised under the same conditions or not.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another observation is seen in discipline forces, why the police and armed forces are likely to think, behave and respond to similar situations in the same way is explained by their behaviour modification that takes place when they are under training. They usually are from diverse background but when on training their behaviour is moulded to behave in a similar manner. The behaviour of human being is moulded by the environment that he or she is living in, for example, before school going age, a child have some behaviour that has been instilled by early care givers may it be parents or baby sitters. When time comes to go to school, the child is exposed to a different environment that he or she needs to adjust his or her behaviour if he has to cope in the environment. Teachers’ advice children on how they should relate with each other. In the efforts of reinforcing good behaviour, teachers give rewards and punish children. In this case, the rewarded child learns the benefit of good behaviour or a certain virtue while other admires and moulds their behaviour in anticipation of rewards in the future (Cartwright, 2001). Conclusion Human behaviour is an element of biological and socialisation factors. People are born with some character traits that are dominant and run down a family. As one matures, the environment a person is socialized in moulds his or her characters, attitude, personality, and behaviour. Both supporters of nature theory and empiricism theory agree that nature and nurture shapes human behaviour, the contentious issue is which of the two is most dominant. References Cartwright, J. (2001).Evolutionary explanations of human behaviour. New York: Routledge. Garcà ­a, C.,  Elaine L.,   Richard, M. (2004). Nature and nurture: the complex interplay of genetic and environmental influences on human behavior and development. New York: Routledge. Shaffer, D.,    Kipp, K. (2009).Developmental Psychology: Childhood and Adolescence .New Jersey: Cen gage Learning. Vadackumchery, J., Kattakayam, J. (2000). Human behaviour and law enforcement. New Delhi: APH Publishing. Wendy, M. (1999). The nature-nurture debate: the essential readings. Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell. This essay on Nature v/s Nurture in Human behaviour development was written and submitted by user Victor Mancha to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

World War Two caused America to reluctantly abandon the policy of Isolationism Essays

World War Two caused America to reluctantly abandon the policy of Isolationism Essays World War Two caused America to reluctantly abandon the policy of Isolationism Paper World War Two caused America to reluctantly abandon the policy of Isolationism Paper I have mixed feelings about whether World War Two spelt the end of US Isolationism. I believe that to some extent this time was the least Isolationist the US had ever been, however, in my opinion American interests always focused worldwide despite some presidents isolationist foreign policies. Churchill wanted the United States involved in the war, openly seeking a fighting incident that would bring the neutral nation into the conflict. On August 4, 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt met for the first time, after corresponding for two years. The Atlantic Charter was one result of their meeting; another was the beginning of a deep personal friendship. They shared several common characteristics: both came from elite backgrounds, both were patricians, and both saw their roles as democratic noblemen. Churchill returned to England and told his War Cabinet that Roosevelt would wage war but would not declare it. The incident Churchill needed occurred on September 4, 1941, when the USS Greer, on a mail run to Iceland, was involved in a fighting incident with a German U-boat. In his subsequent address to the nation, FDR tended to distort the actual facts, using the occasion to begin unrestricted convoying and a limited, defensive naval war. Then on October 31, 1941, a German U-boat torpedoed a U.S. ship. This signaled what was to be the end of American neutrality. The bombing of Pearl Harbor in December, 1941, marked the definite end of American isolationism in practical terms. During the war, the U.S. sent troops to Asia, Africa and Europe. After the wars end, the remnants of the League of Nations re-formed as the United Nations, and this time the United States was front and center. Under the Truman Doctrine, American economic and military aid went to nations threatened by communism. The Marshall Plan helped rebuild Europe and the Cold War made an American military presence abroad a foregone conclusion for the next 50 years. Roosevelt did not live long enough to see the war unfold though after declaring war he suddenly died of a brain hemorrhage. Roosevelt was replaced by Harry Truman. The US had avoided war in World War One because of many factors economic reasons and public opinion being the most important ones. However by 1945 things had changed and Truman looked upon the war as a brilliant opportunity. Fuelled by German Hatred after the events of Pearl Harbour, Truman had the public on his side. He had the backing of Congress and his own personal views that the US needed war as an economic opportunity (selling munitions) and his slogan to make the world safe for democracy. (Safe from German Imperialism.) With all of these positive factors the US entered a war of opportunities. Abroad, World War II brought an end to American isolationism. In the spring of 1945, the US joined delegates from 50 nations in signing the charter for a permanent United Nations, a year before the International Monetary Fund and World Bank were established to promote economic cooperation among nations. But the biggest challenge facing the United States in the postwar world was the souring of relations with the Soviet Union as a result of that countrys domination of Eastern Europe and support of communist insurgencies around the world. As part of the effort to contain the Soviet spread and to revive the economies of Western Europe, the United States launched the European Recovery Program (usually known as the Marshall Plan,) which poured $13 billion of aid into the region. In addition, the US adopted a policy of containment, shoring up non-communist areas in danger of encroachment. Thus, when the Soviet Union blockaded all surface routes into Berlin, the US and Britain launched the Berlin Airlift, supplying the western sectors of the city by air. We do have to question however whether the US was truly Isolationist. It would have been ignorant for any president to ignore world matters as if there was an opportunity for intervention then the US may have been able to capitalize on a situation and gain extra lands. After all, raw materials in the US could not last for ever. In my opinion Truman had no intention of remaining Isolationist for the World War, despite his election pledge of US Isolationism. Throughout the war he supplied Britain with loans and fighting equipment as well s increasing the US armies and Navies and supporting the Ententes blockade of Germany. World War Two was a major point of change for the US. From now on they saw it their duty to intervene in world matters (world policeman) because they were the worlds most influential power, and after all could benefit with the gaining of land and resources from certain countries. Take for example the recent war in Iraq, a country where the US is now gaining valuable amounts of oil from. Although the US role as a world policeman is supposedly world based, in my opinion this is not the case. Take for example events after world war two. There have been major wars in Vietnam and in Iraq, but these were only brought about because of threats to the US country. Indeed the US are reluctant to get involved in any war which has no effect on them. Vietnam was brought about by American fear of Communism, and wars in Iraq because of its valuable resources and the terrorism attacks of September the eleventh. During the Cold War, some Americans argued that the country should withdraw from the United Nations; but the Cold War, as a patriotic and ideological crusade, kept those voices from receiving widespread support. Today, the United States government and military is whatever word would best describe the extreme opposite of isolationist. In my opinion this is how they have always secretly been. US interests were always widespread; its just that when World War Two arrived the US were economically and socially ready to develop a world role. The breakout of war provided a perfect opportunity/excuse for the US to move away from its Isolationist image. The Challenge to Isolationism. 1. What was FDRs immediate response to the outbreak of war in Europe? Roosevelt was re-elected by the US public on the promise that he would keep the US out of World War Two. However he soon realized that war in Europe could lead to war in America and so supported the allied policy of appeasement to ensure peace. Roosevelt wanted to prepare America for the worst though. He believed the security of Europe was crucial to the security of America. He was able to persuade Congress to approve the Naval Expansion Act allowing a 20% increase in the US navy. In 1939, he got an extra $525 million for air defence. At the start of the Second World War, however, the American army still only numbered 185,000. 2. Did a majority of the US public and politicians favour isolationism in the early months of the war? 3. What legislation was included in the Neutrality Act of 4/11/39? During the 1930s, US public opinion as well as several Senators questioned the validity of US involvement in the Great War. The belief became increasingly common that the nation was deceived into taking part in this bloody conflict by Allied propaganda and to serve the interests of profit-thirsty bankers and industrialists. The conclusions of the Nye Committee in 1934, tasked with investigating the excessive profits made by the war armament industry, reinforced the antiwar position of the American people and finalizes the countrys isolationist policy. As a reaction to Germanys re-armament, and to prevent any US involvement in a possible European war, the US Congress voted the Neutrality Act, signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on August 31, 1935. The Act prohibits trade in military material with warring countries and travel by US nationals on ships belonging to warring countries. It was amended in 1936 to prohibit loans to warring countries, and then in January and March 1937 to include civil wars. At the beginning of WWII, the possibility that Great Britain could be defeated is real and the growing Nazi threat is a cause for fear. Roosevelt realizes that the Neutrality Act imposes restrictions on possible US actions; amendments will be adopted to diminish the legislations scope. Supplying nations at war will be authorized on the cash and carry principle. President declares area around British Isles a combat zone in November 1939, and loans of military material will be possible on a land-lease agreement. Summary of Neutrality Act of 1939; This act repeals the arms embargo and substitutes a policy of cash and carry; prohibits United States vessels and citizens from entering combat zones; establishes the National Munitions Control composed of the Secretaries of States, Treasury, War, Navy, and Commerce. 4. What impact did Hitlers successful Blitzkrieg have on American attitudes? The speed with which the German army overran Western Europe shocked the American public. By June 1940, the Nazis were in control of Norway, Denmark, Holland, Belgium and France. Through the summer and autumn the Battle of Britain was fought with Britain and its empire standing alone against the Nazi threat. The broadcasts of journalist Ed Murrow from London during the Blitz did much to communicate to Americans the intensity of the struggle taking places, and this led to cries from the US public for American intervention in the war.

Introduction to Inclusive Practice in Social Work Essay

Introduction to Inclusive Practice in Social Work - Essay Example Sociologists hold that the emotionality in discrimination and oppression results from the intuitive attitudes and personalities that give people feelings and thoughts of inadequacy or superiority. By using the less fortunate people as the scapegoats, the privileged parties can do whatever they want at the expense of the minority. Their attitudes and personalities of superiority dictate what goes on in the society. The feeling of superiority, for example, makes one hate and discriminate particular groups of people such as the minority. In turn, the minorities acquire the feelings of inadequacy from subsequent mistreatments and eventually accept their disadvantaged state in the society. Social scientists also identify socialization as another key factor to discrimination and oppression. Many forms of discrimination are passed on from parents, relatives, and friends. People tend to learn on what it takes to discriminate against others from their social circles. The media are another way through which people socialize. Movies and television usually perpetuate demeaning stereotypes and images about assorted groups in the society. They show how women, the elderly, ethnic minorities and gays are mistreated. One then learns that it serves no wrong to do the same against the perceived unfortunate groups. Ethnocentrism is one the main factors that lead to discrimination and oppression. With ethnocentrism, one tends to assess other’s cultures from one’s own cultural values and norms. People tend to value what they know and their cultures, and disregard the cultures of others. Ethnocentrism also leads to suspicion where one cannot trust people from outside their cultures and norms. The stereotypical thinking is the one behind the various instances of racial and ethnic discriminations. An American firm can, for example, refuse to employ

Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 19

Sociology - Essay Example The field of politics as well as religion has always moved ahead together, several times these fields have helped each other and in certain cases these fields have conflicted with each other. Politics have been greatly impacted by religion and politics have to comply with religion in order to serve its own purpose. In other cases religious leaders have tried to impose their opinion based on religion in order to govern citizens in a better manner under the religious party they are part of. The activities stated above are clearly evident in the politics of United States, it is witnessed that huge amounts of funds are given to political parties and candidates of these parties depending on their view of various societal issues such as control of birth rate, abortion and the most heavily debated topic of gay marriage which has gained tremendous amount of popularity. The religious side that has been in the limelight over this issue is the Fundamentalist Christians, they used their ability to alter the secular policy in their own favor and they portrayed their religious thoughts by getting President Bush elected during the election of 2000 and 2004. In other religions such as the religion of Islam where Muslims elect their political leaders and then direct and control their leaders who have to act in accordance to Islamic religious book called Quran. The similarity between the field of politics as well as religion is the purpose of controlling the citizens and human being’s cognition, soul and behavior. The game played in these fields is simple; the game played in these fields is based on gaining more and more support in order to gain recognition as majority.

Equal opportunities and preventing discrimination

Equal opportunities and preventing discrimination The aim of this assignment is to focus on equal opportunities and the laws set up to protect people from discrimination on the basis of their gender, race, age and disability by providing a framework for the most vulnerable groups in society who, without legislation may feel their rights have been infringed. Prejudice and stereotyping is something we are all guilty of. From our own life experiences, beliefs and values we make assumptions about people from the way they look, speak and behave towards us. It is especially important in health care to be sensitive to the service users requirements. Negative language and labelling can make the service user feel unworthy, intimidated and deterred from accessing the very services they require. All care providers need to ensure that they view their patients as unique individuals, promoting their individual rights and supporting them in making decisions. Language is key, if the service user cannot communicate then an advocate or interpreter is required so they do not feel discriminated against. The use of positive language can be beneficial to the service user in empowering them to make choices and have greater control over the treatment they receive. Society has changed considerably in the last 40 years and we have become much more multi-cultural. Our attitudes and beliefs have had to change too e.g. more women in the workplace etc The Government has introduced equality legislation to protect vulnerable groups that may otherwise have no voice. By introducing acts that protect these groups from discrimination e.g. the disabled, mentally ill and other minority groups it ensures there is a set of legal guidelines in the way people are treated and that they have equal access to the same services and rights as everyone else. Most caring roles are governed by legislation. Older people, people with a learning disability, physical disabilities or mental health problems have service provisions, rights and other requirements laid down by the law but no overall framework for protection of abuse, except for that of children. This part of the assignment looks at The Mental Health Act, why it was conceived, who it aims to help and its limitations in practice. The basis of the act can be traced back to 1601 when The Poor Law was created but it has come a long way since then. In 1983 The Mental Health Act was put in place to protect those suffering from a disorder or disability of the mind. In previous times those with mental health issues may have found themselves locked away from society, with no proper treatment and no guidelines on how they should be treated. It wasnt unusual for young unmarried mothers to find themselves institutionalised as society found them to be deviant and morally deficient. It wasnt until the 1959 Mental Health Act reform that it was considered wrong to punish these women, however many had already been locked away and the damage done. The 1980s saw large-scale closures of psychiatric institutions in favour of the Governments care in the community policy, large numbers of long term patients were discharged into the community. By promoting the least restrictive alternative many were given freedom, the Reed Report stated care arrangements for people with mental health problems should have proper regard to the quality of care and the needs of individuals; as far as possible, in the community, rather than in institutional settings; under conditions of no greater security than is justified by the degree of danger; so as to maximise rehabilitation and the chances of sustaining an independent life; as close as possible to their own homes and families. (Mind.co.uk,2010) The 1983 Mental Health Act focuses on the assessment and treatment of people with mental health issues. The legislation has several sections. Each section provides guidance on dealing with specific situations that may arrive when a person has significant mental health problems. The following are some of the sections of the Act that must be adhered to; Section 1 gives definitions of mental disorder Section 2 describes the situations in which people can be admitted to hospital compulsorily, providing specific timeframes in which assessment must be undertaken Section 3 describes the provisions for admission for treatment, again there are specific guidelines regarding timescales Section 4 is regarding emergency admissions Section 5 is about detention of a voluntary patient for a period of assessment There are sections which deal with taking people to a place of safety and also sections relating to admissions linked to criminal behaviour. Val Michie et al,2008,(p230-231) Sectioning a person (detaining them against their will) is part of the act that needs to be done correctly as you are denying the person their right of freedom. This can only be done if the person shows significant harm to themselves or others. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 provides a framework to empower and protect people who are unable to make decisions themselves. By the use of advocates and health professionals any decisions they make can be supported. It enables those with mental health issues to plan ahead of time in the event that they lose mental capacity and so their wishes can be considered. The Mental Health Bill aims to bring together and simplify the Mental Health Act 1983 and the Mental Capacity Act 2005 by making it easier to understand the rules on detention and definitions of mental disorders. Supervised community support can be put in place using a variety of health professionals to ensure access to treatment. The Bill introduces safeguards to stop people being locked away for long periods of time without being reviewed at regular intervals and denying them the right to their liberty. The Act however does have its limitations; lack of resources, funding, low staffing levels and poor communications between agencies, vulnerable people may escape the system and cause danger to themselves and others. There have been many high profile cases of mentally ill patients slipping through the net, being released from hospital too early and not receiving the support they need. In August 2007 Vivian Gamor was detained indefinitely under the Mental Health Act 1983 after admitting to two counts of manslaughter at the Old Bailey. Vivian had been showing increasing signs of mental illness three years prior to this, her condition deteriorated to the point where she attacked her half-sister with a knife. This led to her being sectioned under the Mental Health Act and detained in hospital where she was diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia. Doctors felt they could control her symptoms with drugs and 28 days later she was released. Her two children had been living with their father who was unaware of the reasons for Vivians sectioning. The children were killed on the third unsupervised visit to their mother. Antoine, 10, was beaten around the head with a hammer and then strangled while Kenniece, 3, was suffocated with cling film and her corpse stuffed into a black bin bag. Lord laming who chaired the public inquiry into the death of Victoria Climbie said It seems to me that had the whole range of services been directed to supporting that mother and thinking and bringing to bear all their different resources it may have been possible to prevent that mother doing what I dont imagine she ever intended to do and the children paid the ultimate price for the failure of organisations to actually carry out their duty. (BBC News, 2008) A serious case review by the City and Hackney Local Safeguarding Childrens Board was launched with its results finding a lack of communication between agencies involved in the case. Guidelines under the Childrens Act obviously failed to provide the children safety and protection. Vivian had stopped taking her medication for up 10 days before the murders and was failed by the Mental Health Act as she posed a danger to herself and others. The childrens father was not married to Vivian, the law stated he had no parental rights at that time and could not stop her from having access to the children. Alan Wood, director of childrens services at Hackney Council, said: This case highlights how unpredictable mental illness can be, and the dreadful impact it can have on families. It also shows how child protection services and mental health services need to work ever more closely to successfully protect children in the future. (Communitycare.co.uk, 2008) There have been many studies into murder associated with mental health. One published in the British Journal of Psychiatry2008 called homicide due to mental disorder in England and Wales over 50- years, which looked at murders from 1946-2004. The researchers found that the number of murders committed by people with mental health problems had risen until the 1970s. Since then murder in the general population continued to grow, while those associated with mental health fell to very low levels. The researchers felt that the fall was due to better treatment and understanding within mental health. (The British Journal of Psychiatry, 2008) With the introduction of the Mental Health Act 1983, figures have shown that the legislation on the whole is successful, providing more support and treatment for sufferers of mental illness. It is those cases where the system has failed that are sensationalised, creating a negative image that people with mental illness are dangerous and pose a threat to the rest of society when this has shown not to be the case. The final part of the assignment shows how discrimination upon the individual in health care can greatly affect the way they feel about themselves and the treatment they receive. Prejudice is to prejudge, to already have an opinion or bias about a particular group of people. It is easy to assume and discriminate when an overweight person has type 2 diabetes that they have bought it on themselves, to label them as lazy and that they do not care about their own health needs. If the service user feels they are being treated this way then they can internalise those feelings and become depressed or angry. This can then lead to them feeling they are not worthy and unable to ask for or receive the help that they require. The service user is then marginalised, feeling that no-one cares leaving them isolated and vulnerable, their self-esteem suffers and the cycle of disadvantage sets in making them feel trapped in their own hopelessness, dealing with not only their medical problems but emotio nal ones too. Word Count: 1444 References. Michie,V.Baker,L.Boys,D. and McAleavy,J.,2008.BTEC National Health Social Care. Book 2: Cheltenham:Nelson Thornes Ltd. BBC News.co.uk, 2008.My two children should be alive. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 19.11.2010] Community Care.Co.UK, 2008. Hackney criticised in Vivian Gamor serious case review. [Online] Available at:[Accessed 24.11.2010] Mind.co.uk,2010. Dangerousness and mental health: the facts. [Online] Available at:[Accessed 19.11.2010] The British Journal of Psychiatry, 2008. Homicide due to mental disorder in England and Wales over 50 years. [Online] Available at:[Accessed 24.11.2010]

European Literature Essay

In distinguishing between the genres of short story, novel and annovel, it is important to take into considerations such factors as: rather social or individual subtext, size, coverage of certain topic, the presence of mythology and spirituality, confrontation either with daily routines or with unusual situations. In this sense, novel is probably the most ;social’ genre, as it necessarily points to certain societal pathologies, describes the antagonism between private and public interests and normally consists of a number of chapters, gradually developing the plot. Furthermore, novel is characterized by the authenticity to material facts and thorough depiction of events and social interactions. Annovel is close to novel in terms of genre, as both works of fiction cover much space, yet the entire novel is as a rule dedicated to putting into chronological order the lives of certain characters, whose fates are normally depicted completely, especially if they are protagonists. Annovel, in turn, can contain a collection of short stories, which fit into the context of the creative work, but describe completely different characters and develop dissimilar plotlines. Nevertheless, annovel should be viewed as an entity, as sometimes certain characters can ‘wander’ among stories, so that they are depicted in various situations. Short story, as a genre, is characterized by the considerable impact of individual and spiritual (mystic) components: as a rule, they have either oversimplified abstractive plots or extremely multifaceted plotlines, presented briefly, as they usually cover short time period (conversely to novels and annovels, which give details for epochal changes). Furthermore, lyrical, intuitive and personality aspects are also attributed to short story, as it is aimed at highlighting certain human impulse or momentary change in human life (sudden death, irrational decisions and so forth). Whereas novels are viewed as well-organized and structured works, short stories might switch between various temporal phases (from the future to the past, for instance) and usually include peculiar temporal discourse. The most prominent example of annovel genre is â€Å"Dubliners† by James Joyce. The writing contains more than ten stories, which, if integrated, present the topic of Irish lifestyle, beliefs and social order and constitute a brief encyclopedia of Dublin urban dynamics. Different characters are thrown into various troubles, so that the annovel provides several plots. Annovel therefore to some extent combines the elements of short story and novel Charles Dickens’s â€Å"Hard Times† is a typical novel, relatively large in volume – its considerable size is intended to create the impression of reality and allow the reader to dive into both social and psychological contexts of the basic plotline, which seems to be developed gradually. The short stories ‘Araby’ and ‘Clay’ from Dubliners   to some extent reaffirm the existence of ‘parallel’ or ‘absurd’ reality, as both, in spite of their conciseness, in fact depict the interrelation between the past, the present and the future and note each character’s reflections upon the past events, i.e. necessarily contain conscience flow and use psychological tools like ‘sublime object’. Dramatic monologue in fact includes two key terms – ‘dramatic’ and ‘monologue’. The ‘dramatic’ shows it can be acted out like drama, while the ‘monologue’ points to certain person’s speech, so dramatic monologue is a poem, in which attention is paid to both situation and character. This poetry form implies the presence of listener or audience, so that the monologue is intended as a component or independent part of dramatic performance. For instance, in Yeats â€Å"Leda and the Swan† the author present his lyrical dramatic monologue as a set of rhetorical questions, upon which the audience is supposed to reflect. In order to strengthen the overall effect and impression, the author refers to mythological characters (the reference tool is widely used, as it allows incorporating the others’ ideas and experiences into the monologue) and utilizes metaphorical language in order to enrich the argumentative aspect of the monologue with the emotions, feelings, perceptions and therefore appeal to the reader’s affection and emotional intelligence. ‘Sailing to Byzantium’ is a dramatic monologue, presenting certain case or situation: the lyrical character or protagonist, feeling aged and tired, sails towards the sun, in order to reach the holy city. The monologue, as one can note, contains certain argument: the poet depicts rather negative discourse between the realms of the young and the elderly and substantiates each viewpoint through representing social issues through metaphors and parallelisms.

The Relationship between Owen Meany and Johnny Wheelwright

Lana Sobh Mrs. Malik ENG 3U1-06 April 20, 2013 The Relationship between Owen Meany and Johnny Wheelwright In the novel A Prayer for Owen Meany, John Irving explores the themes of friendship and faith. Friendship is one of the most important things in one’s life. Friendship is the divine feeling of knowing there is someone there. As the saying goes, â€Å"friends are flowers in the garden of life†. As flowers add beauty to a garden, friends add beauty to one’s life. Friendship always begins with a seed of trust that is nurtured with laughter and tears, growing into loyalty and love.The friendship between Owen Meany and Johnny Wheelwright has been maintained since they were young to the last second they were together. Faith can be viewed in many different ways. Faith can be described as faith in God or as a conviction. Faith is a sacred, deep and emotionally involved kind of trust. Faith is like the wind, it cannot be seen, but it can be felt. Owen enabled Johnny t o find faith in his life in a religious and convictional way. The friendship between Owen and Johnny clearly showed a positive relationship.Owen always kept Johnny’s desires in mind, he was always there for Johnny, and he led Johnny to a true faith. First, to maintain their positive relationship, Owen always kept Johnny’s desires in mind. Owen always thought about Johnny and what he can do to make Johnny feel better. Owen went ahead and wrote a play for Johnny’s father, in order for them to find out who Johnny’s father actually is. â€Å"Just suppose there was such a play†¦ And we called the play either The Orange Grove or The Lady in Red – don’t you suppose that your father would come to see that play?And don’t you suppose we could recognize him then? † (Irving 360). Owen took the effort to write a play, in order to find Johnny’s father. He always wanted to make sure that Johnny’s desires were fulfilled. The relationship between him and Johnny shows to what extent their relationship is true. Their relationship allows Owen to go ahead and help Johnny with his family problems, even though he has nothing to do with it. This shows how much Owen cares for Johnny and wants to help him uncover the truth on who his father is. This is very important in showing how strong the relationship between Owen and Johnny is.When Johnny was a kid, he had trouble with reading; yet Owen was there to help him improve his reading skills. This is made clear when Tabitha, Johnny’s mother, tells Owen to keep helping Johnny, â€Å"I hope you never stop helping Johnny with his homework, Owen. † (24). When they were young, Owen had promised Tabitha, that he would always help Johnny with his homework. Throughout the years at school, Owen had kept that promise and was always there to help Johnny. This clearly shows how much Owen cares about Johnny and how much he wants to help him.The death of Tabitha d id not have any effect on the choice that Owen had made when he promised that he would always help Johnny with his homework. Johnny suffered from dyslexia and was in need of help, so, Owen helped him with reading and his homework. With Owen’s help, Johnny grows up to be an avid reader and teaches literature at a prep school. Moreover, Owen had helped Johnny with many things other than homework and finding Johnny’s father. Owen had helped Johnny with not going to Vietnam and fight in the war. â€Å"He’d cut off my finger to keep me out of Vietnam† (585).Johnny had his finger, the trigger finger, amputated in order for him not to be able to go to the war. Owen had come up with the idea of cutting off Johnny’s finger. Without Owen being caring towards Johnny and not wanting Johnny to go to Vietnam against his will, Johnny would have gone and fought in Vietnam. Owen had saved Johnny from the draft. Through this action, Owen is trying to get Johnny to p repare Johnny for life without him. He cares so much about Johnny that he is preparing him, so that when Owen passes away, he would be able to continue his life in Canada without him.Owen always wanted to help Johnny satisfy his needs, so he helped him in many ways. Furthermore, Owen was always there for Johnny. In times of sadness and despair, Owen was there. In times of laughter and happiness, he was there. This clearly shows how positive their relationship was and how true of a friend he is. During the Christmas Carol play, Own fainted. Later, it was told that Owen had seen his own name on the grave. When Johnny went to ask Owen what date Owen saw, Owen does not end up telling him, instead he tells him that there was no date at all. ‘There was no date,’ Owen said. I wanted to cry- not because I believe a single thing about his stupid ‘vision,’ but because it was the first time he had lied to me. † (255). This shows how heartbroken Johnny is, he is devastated that Owen was hiding something from him. But then again Owen did not want Johnny to feel sad if he told him the date. Owen really cares about Johnny, he is not trying to hurt Johnny, he is trying to protect him. Owen must have felt the need to protect Johnny since he might think that Johnny would interfere with his fate and result in the death of Johnny.Owen cared a lot about Johnny. When they were young, Johnny was asked to repeat the ninth grade. So, Owen being the nice and caring friend he is, decided to repeat the ninth grade with Johnny. Owen tells everyone that he is going to stick by Johnny's side. â€Å"Owen announced his decision to attend the ninth grade at Gravesend High School, too. He would stay with me; he would enter the academy the following year-he could have skipped a grade, yet he volunteered to repeat the ninth grade with me! † (267).After Tabitha’s death Johnny had needed a high degree of support, which came from Owen. Owen had promised Tabitha to help Johnny with his homework and in order for that to happen, they found that Johnny and Owen needed to be in the same grade. Owen tells everyone that he is going to stick by Johnny's side. This clearly shows the loyalty Owen has towards Johnny. This shows the true friendship there is between them. Owen’s decision was a surprise to all because no one would have thought that Owen was that caring and loyal to Johnny.

Global Leadership And Organizational Behavior Effectiveness

The Project GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness). The GLOBE research followed in Hofstede s footsteps yet also searched for additional dimensions (Cater, Lang Szabo, 2013, p. 446) as depicted and defined on Table II. In light of the GLOBE findings, earlier conceptualisations of culture have been reconsidered with respect to the impact of culture on leadership (Dickson et al., 2012 as cited in Cater et al., 2013, p. 447). GLOBE researchers introduced twnety one first-orderr â€Å"primary leadership dimensions† which were then condensed in six second-order â€Å"global leadership dimenions† that are charismatic/value-based, team-oreinted, participative, human-oreinted, autonomous, or self-protective (Cater et al., 2013, p. 450). American beliefs about leadership were found to emphasize charismatic, participative, team-oriented, and humane orientation attributes (Hoppe Bhagat, 2007 as cited in Resick et al., 2011, p. 439) that build on individual leader charisma and a humane/paternalistic approach to working with subordinates, along with a strong emphasis on enhancing performance (Bass, 1985 as cited in Resick et al., 2011, p. 439). Both approaches, Hofstede and GLOBE, agree to conclude the US leaders’ emphasis on performance, individualism and future outlook. However, in order to avoid stereyotypes, leaders need to be culturally intelligent. Cultural intelligence. 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